ABSTRACT
The nutritive effects of the milk substitutes prepared according to formulas No. 5410-A and 5410-B, as previously reported, were to.tested in two experiments on weanling rats with respect to growth, liver vitamin A and bone formation, and protein, calcium and phosphorous utilization. Cow's milk-powder and sucrose mixture (in which protein provides 13% of the total energy as ordinarily used in infant dietary) were used as the control diet.In experiment 1, no significant difference in body weight was found between the animals in the experimental and the control groups; while in experiment 2, the body weight of the male rats in the experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the corresponding control animals. The average body length of the male rats in the experimental group was greater than that of the control group, but the difference was not significant. The better growth of the experimental group may be attributed to higher food intake.The vitamin A storage in the liver of the experimental group was lower than that of the control, and that of the femals was higher than the male in both groups. Despite the low vitamin A content in the milk substitutes and the low vitamin A storage in the liver in the experimental groups, the growth promoting effect of the milk substitutes is not inferior to that of the cow's milk-sucros'e mixture.Blood hemoglobin values and the composition of the bones of the experimental animals were all normal.The digestibility of protein in the milk substitutes was slightly lower than that in the control diet. However, this was compensated by its higher protein level so that the absorption and retention were comparable to that of the milk diet.The calcium of the milk substitutes was well utilized. The utilization of the phosphorous was poor in 5410-A. Judging from the low urinary excretion level, this preparation furnished only minimal amount of phosphorous for the growing animals. 5410-B contains ample amount of available phosphorous as revealed by the urinary excretion level which is about the same as that obtained with the control diet.
ABSTRACT
A milk substitute for infant feeding has been prepared using(parts by weight): soybean flour 28.0, rice flour 45.0, egg-yolk powder 5.0, cane sugar 16.5, soybean oil 3.0, "fermented millet" 0.5, bone meal 1.5 and salt 0.5. Vanilla powder was added as the flavoring material.Soybean was soaked in water for 4 hrs., steamed under atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes and dried at 70-80℃ before milling. Bone meal was prepared from degelatinized animal bones, the by-product of a glue fatctory, Which have been treated with steam under 20-25 lbs. of pressure and repeatedly extracted with hot water for 10 hrs. "fermented millet" was prepared by innoculating the cooked millet with Eremothecium ashbyii as reported by Liu.The ingradients are mixed, pressed slightly into the form of small cubes, steamed and dried. When using, the proper number of cubes are mixed with the desired amount of water, cooked over a gentle fire and then served in the form of a thin paste.The proximate composition, the mineral and vitamin contents of the products, per 100 grams dry Weight, are as follows: protein 17.1 gms, fat 12.8 gms, carbohydrate 66.0 gms, crude fiber 0.82 gms, ash 3.25 gms, calcium 692 mgs, phosphorous(total) 330 mgs, (phytin)97 mgs, iron 5.9 mgs, thiamin 0.11 mgs, riboflavin 0.63 mgs, niacin 1.09 mgs, carotene 40.0 micro-gms, and energy 448 Cals.Aside from analyzing the product as well as the raw materials for the above nutrients, investigations were also made on the following subjects: determination of the essential amino acids, destruction of the trypsin inhibitor, availability of calcium and phosphorous, loss of thiamin, microbiological examination and soma physical changes of the product during storage.With respect to the adequacy of protein, 100 Cals. of the product would supply 3.8 gms of total protein which furnish all the essential amino acids to the amounts that a child would be able to obtain(per kilogram of body weight per day)from mother's milk.The product contains ample amounts of riboflavin, available calcium, phosphorous and iron to meet the diatary allowance of the infants. The amounts of thiamin and vitamin A are limited-the formet would satisfy only the minimum daily requirement while the latter is deficient by about 50％.Animal and human feeding experiments(to be published)indicated that this preparation promoted good growth not inferior to those fed on human or cow's milks. The cost of the new milk substitute is about 50％ less than the current prices of the present commercial products and about 80％ less than that of good grade cow's milk powder.
ABSTRACT
A survey has been made during 1953-1955 on the patented milk substitutes including 58 kinds produced by 25 factories in 5 cities-Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Wuhan and Canton. Attention was directed to the annual production, the raw material, the formulae and the wholesale and retail prices. Unpatented products have not been included in the present survey. Nutritional composition, growth promoting effect and availability of some nutients have been studied by chemical, physiological, and pathological methods.On the basis that a 5 kilo child requires 500 calories per day, and assuming that he lives solely upon milk substitutes throughout the year, theannual production of the 25 factories in 1954, i.e. 1830 tons, would supply the need of 40,000 babies.Most of the products are made of rice and wheat flour and cane sugar, with the addition of about 5 % each of egg yolk and l or cow's milk powder, 0.7 % calcium lactate and 0.3% salt. Among the 58 kinds, 9 are free from animal protein, and 3 include soybean as the main source of protein.With respect to the dietary allowance of the babies, the majority of these products are deficient in protein, most of them are deficient in phosphorous and all of them are deficient in calcium. The protein is generally 50 % less than the required amount, while calcium and phosphorous are 10-90% below the recommended level. All are deficient in vitamins. The N:Ca:P proportions are not correct in any of the preparations. The protein content of 2 samples containing soybean amounts to 33-37 % which is much too high, particularly when accompanied by faulty ratios of calcium, phosphorous and other nutrients.Samples containing 10 % or less protein (including some of animal origin) and with restricted mineral supply, not only retarded the general growth of the experimental animals but also produced pathological changes in bone and some internal organs. Nevertheless, one of the samples with excessive protein, ample phosphorous but limited calcium promoted good growth in experimental animals. The bone structure of the latter was fairly normal.It is suggested that new and better formulae with high nutritional quality but low cost, such as the one proposed by the authors (to be published) be employed to replace the old ones.